How to Choose a Good University The basic question of how to choose a good university often gets asked before a person even begins his or her search for a […]

The Function of Lipoproteins Lipoproteins are lipids that are made up of cholesterol (cholesterol-like substances). A lipoprotein is actually a protein molecule whose primary function is to carry cholesterol-like lipids […]

CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES “GENE EXPRESSION”  An organism’s DNA encodes all of the RNA and protein molecules required to construct its cells. Yet organisms are able to differentially […]

TRANSLATION Translation is a complex process that requires mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids, and energy in the form of GTP. Once the mRNA transcript is created and processed, it can […]

TRANSCRIPTION Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, […]

MUTATION “MUTATION” The genetic code shows that for the amino acids with multiple codons, the first two bases are usually the same, and the third base in the codon is […]

DNA REPAIR “DNA REPAIR” The structure of DNA can be damaged in a number of ways such as exposure to chemicals or radiation. DNA is very susceptible to damage and […]

TELOMERES AND CENTROMERES Simplified TELOMERE “TELOMERES AND CENTROMERES” A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome […]

DENATURATION AND REANNEALING OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX   “DENATURATION AND REANNEALING OF DNA DOUBLE HELIX” During DNA replication and transcription, the strands of the double helix must be separated from […]

DNA DOUBLE HELICAL STRUCTURE (Watson-Crick Model) ”DNA DOUBLE HELICAL STRUCTURE” In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick presented one of the landmark findings of modern biology and medicine: the three-dimensional […]